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Diving Physiology SECTION PAGE SECTION PAGE 3.0 GENERAL ...................................................3- 1 3.1 SYSTEMS OF THE BODY ...............................3- 1 3.1.1 Musculoskeletal System ............................3- 1 3.1.2 Nervous System ......................................3- 1 3.1.3 Digestive System.....................................3- 2 3.2 RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION ...............3- 2 3.2.1 Process of Respiration ..............................3- 2 3.2.2 Mechanics of Respiration ..........................3- 3 3.2.3 Control of Respiration..............................3- 4 3.2.4 Circulation ............................................3- 4 3.2.4.1 Blood Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide ......................3- 5 3.2.4.2 Tissue Gas Exchange.....................3- 6 3.2.4.3 Tissue Use of Oxygen ....................3- 6 3.2.5 Summary of Respiration and Circulation Processes .........................3- 8 3.2.6 Respiratory Problems ...............................3- 8 3.2.6.1 Hypoxia .....................................3- 8 3.2.6.2 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity ................3- 9 3.2.6.3 Hyperventilation ..........................3-10 3.2.6.4 Shallow Water Blackout.................3-11 3.2.6.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ...................................3-11 3.2.6.6 Excessive Resistance to Breathing ...................................3-12 3.2.6.7 Lipoid Pneumonia ........................3-12 3.3 EFFECTS OF PRESSURE ................................3-12 3.3.1 Direct Effects of Pressure During Descent .....3-13 3.3.1.1 Ears ..........................................3-13 3.3.1.2 Sinuses ......................................3-15 3.3.1.3 Lungs ........................................3-15 3.3.1.4 Eyes ..........................................3-16 3.3.2 Direct Effects of Pressure During Ascent........................................3-16 3.3.2.1 Lungs—Pneumothorax ..................3-16 3.3.2.2 Lungs—Mediastinal Emphysema ................................3-17 3.3.2.3 Lungs—Subcutaneous Emphysema ................................3-18 3.3.2.4 Arterial Gas Embolism ..................3-18 3.3.2.5 Stomach and Intestine ...................3-19 3.3.2.6 Teeth ........................................3-19 3.3.2.7 Contact Lenses ............................3-19 3.3.3 Indirect Effects of Pressure During Descent ......................................3-20 3.3.3.1 Inert Gas Narcosis ........................3-20 3.3.3.2 High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS) ........................3-21 3.3.3.3 Oxygen Toxicity ........................3-21 3.3.3.3.1 CNS: Central Nervous System .........................3-21 3.3.3.3.2 Lung and “Whole Body” ..........................3-21 3.3.3.3.3 Variations In Tolerance .................................3-22 3.3.3.3.4 Benefits of Intermittent Exposure..................3-22 3.3.3.3.5 Concepts of Oxygen Exposure Management .............................3-22 3.3.3.3.6 Prevention of CNS Poisoning ..........................3-22 3.3.3.3.7 The “Oxygen Clock” or “O 2 Limit Fraction” ................3-22 3.3.3.3.8 Prevention of Lung or Whole-Body Toxicity ...................................3-24 3.3.4 Indirect Effects of Pressure During Ascent .....................................3-24 3.3.4.1 Inert Gas Elimination .................3-24 3.3.4.2 Decompression Sickness ..............3-26 3.3.4.3 Treatment Tables .......................3-28 3.3.4.4

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